According The Philanthropic Collaborative's 2008 report, The Social and Economic Value of Private and Community Foundations, every dollar that private and community foundations provided in grants and support in 2007 produced an estimated average return of $8.58 in direct economic benefits. The report found that the program areas generating the biggest returns include arts and culture, for which $5.2 billion in foundation support helped produce an estimated $51 billion in direct benefits, and education, for which $9.7 billion in foundation support helped produce an estimated $49 billion in benefits. Foundations also were responsible for some 9.2 million jobs, $511.9 billion in household income, and $145.4 billion in local, state, and federal revenue.